CovidChloroV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 000770

A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19.

Identifieur interne : 000770 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000769; suivant : 000771

A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19.

Auteurs : François Lamontagne [Canada] ; Thomas Agoritsas [Suisse, Canada, Norvège] ; Reed Siemieniuk [Canada] ; Bram Rochwerg [Canada] ; Jessica Bartoszko [Canada] ; Lisa Askie [Suisse] ; Helen Macdonald [Royaume-Uni] ; Wagdy Amin [Égypte] ; Frederique Jacquerioz Bausch [Suisse] ; Erlina Burhan ; Maurizio Cecconi [Italie] ; Duncan Chanda [Zambie] ; Vu Quoc Dat [Viêt Nam] ; Bin Du [République populaire de Chine] ; Heike Geduld [Afrique du Sud] ; Patrick Gee [États-Unis] ; Harley Nerina [Australie] ; Madiha Hashimi [Pakistan] ; Beverley J. Hunt [Royaume-Uni] ; Sushil Kabra [Inde] ; Seema Kanda [Canada] ; Leticia Kawano-Dourado [Brésil] ; Yae-Jean Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Niranjan Kissoon [Canada] ; Arthur Kwizera [Ouganda] ; Yee-Sin Leo [Singapour] ; Imelda Mahaka [Zimbabwe] ; Hela Manai [Tunisie] ; Greta Mino [Équateur] ; Emmanuel Nsutebu ; Natalia Pshenichnaya [Russie] ; Nida Qadir [États-Unis] ; Shalini Sri Ranganathan [Sri Lanka] ; Saniya Sabzwari [Pakistan] ; Rohit Sarin [Inde] ; Michael Sharland [Royaume-Uni] ; Yinzhong Shen [République populaire de Chine] ; Joao Paulo Souza [Brésil] ; Miriam Stegemann [Allemagne] ; Sebastian Ugarte [Chili] ; Sridhar Venkatapuram [Royaume-Uni] ; Dubula Vuyiseka [Afrique du Sud] ; Jacobus Preller [Suisse] ; Romina Brignardello-Petersen [Canada] ; Elena Kum [Canada] ; Anila Qasim [Canada] ; Dena Zeraatkar [Canada] ; Andrew Owen [Royaume-Uni] ; Gordon Guyatt [Canada] ; Lyubov Lytvyn [Canada] ; Janet Diaz [Suisse] ; Per Olav Vandvik [Norvège] ; Michael Jacobs [Canada]

Source :

BMJ (Clinical research ed.) [ 1756-1833 ] ; 2021.

RBID : pubmed:33649077

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- Appréciation des risques (MeSH), Chimioprévention (méthodes), Chimioprévention (normes), Facteurs immunologiques (pharmacologie), Humains (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacologie), Incertitude (MeSH), Organisation mondiale de la santé (MeSH), Prise de décision clinique (méthodes).
MESH :
- méthodes : Chimioprévention, Prise de décision clinique.
- normes : Chimioprévention.
- pharmacologie : Facteurs immunologiques, Hydroxychloroquine.
- Appréciation des risques, Humains, Incertitude, Organisation mondiale de la santé.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- COVID-19 (epidemiology), COVID-19 (prevention & control), Chemoprevention (methods), Chemoprevention (standards), Clinical Decision-Making (methods), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacology), Immunologic Factors (pharmacology), Risk Assessment (MeSH), SARS-CoV-2 (drug effects), Uncertainty (MeSH), World Health Organization (MeSH).
MESH :
- chemical , pharmacology : Hydroxychloroquine, Immunologic Factors.
- drug effects : SARS-CoV-2.
- epidemiology : COVID-19.
- methods : Chemoprevention, Clinical Decision-Making.
- prevention & control : COVID-19.
- standards : Chemoprevention.
- Humans, Risk Assessment, Uncertainty, World Health Organization.

Abstract

CLINICAL QUESTION

What is the role of drugs in preventing covid-19? WHY DOES THIS MATTER?: There is widespread interest in whether drug interventions can be used for the prevention of covid-19, but there is uncertainty about which drugs, if any, are effective. The first version of this living guideline focuses on the evidence for hydroxychloroquine. Subsequent updates will cover other drugs being investigated for their role in the prevention of covid-19.

RECOMMENDATION

The guideline development panel made a strong recommendation against the use of hydroxychloroquine for individuals who do not have covid-19 (high certainty).

HOW THIS GUIDELINE WAS CREATED

This living guideline is from the World Health Organization (WHO) and provides up to date covid-19 guidance to inform policy and practice worldwide. Magic Evidence Ecosystem Foundation (MAGIC) provided methodological support. A living systematic review with network analysis informed the recommendations. An international guideline development panel of content experts, clinicians, patients, an ethicist and methodologists produced recommendations following standards for trustworthy guideline development using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

UNDERSTANDING THE NEW RECOMMENDATION

The linked systematic review and network meta-analysis (6 trials and 6059 participants) found that hydroxychloroquine had a small or no effect on mortality and admission to hospital (high certainty evidence). There was a small or no effect on laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (moderate certainty evidence) but probably increased adverse events leading to discontinuation (moderate certainty evidence). The panel judged that almost all people would not consider this drug worthwhile. In addition, the panel decided that contextual factors such as resources, feasibility, acceptability, and equity for countries and healthcare systems were unlikely to alter the recommendation. The panel considers that this drug is no longer a research priority and that resources should rather be oriented to evaluate other more promising drugs to prevent covid-19.

UPDATES

This is a living guideline. New recommendations will be published in this article and signposted by update notices to this guideline.

READERS NOTE

This is the first version of the living guideline for drugs to prevent covid-19. It complements the WHO living guideline on drugs to treat covid-19. When citing this article, please consider adding the update number and date of access for clarity.

DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n526
PubMed: 33649077

Affiliations:

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

to stream Main, to step Corpus: 000290
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Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Agoritsas, Thomas" sort="Agoritsas, Thomas" uniqKey="Agoritsas T" first="Thomas" last="Agoritsas">Thomas Agoritsas</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of General Internal Medicine & Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
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<region type="state">Ontario</region>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
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<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
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<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Rochwerg, Bram" sort="Rochwerg, Bram" uniqKey="Rochwerg B" first="Bram" last="Rochwerg">Bram Rochwerg</name>
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<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Bartoszko, Jessica" sort="Bartoszko, Jessica" uniqKey="Bartoszko J" first="Jessica" last="Bartoszko">Jessica Bartoszko</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
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<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
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<author><name sortKey="Askie, Lisa" sort="Askie, Lisa" uniqKey="Askie L" first="Lisa" last="Askie">Lisa Askie</name>
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<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Macdonald, Helen" sort="Macdonald, Helen" uniqKey="Macdonald H" first="Helen" last="Macdonald">Helen Macdonald</name>
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<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
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<author><name sortKey="Amin, Wagdy" sort="Amin, Wagdy" uniqKey="Amin W" first="Wagdy" last="Amin">Wagdy Amin</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Cecconi, Maurizio" sort="Cecconi, Maurizio" uniqKey="Cecconi M" first="Maurizio" last="Cecconi">Maurizio Cecconi</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Chanda, Duncan" sort="Chanda, Duncan" uniqKey="Chanda D" first="Duncan" last="Chanda">Duncan Chanda</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Dat, Vu Quoc" sort="Dat, Vu Quoc" uniqKey="Dat V" first="Vu Quoc" last="Dat">Vu Quoc Dat</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Du, Bin" sort="Du, Bin" uniqKey="Du B" first="Bin" last="Du">Bin Du</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Gee, Patrick" sort="Gee, Patrick" uniqKey="Gee P" first="Patrick" last="Gee">Patrick Gee</name>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nerina, Harley" sort="Nerina, Harley" uniqKey="Nerina H" first="Harley" last="Nerina">Harley Nerina</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hashimi, Madiha" sort="Hashimi, Madiha" uniqKey="Hashimi M" first="Madiha" last="Hashimi">Madiha Hashimi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ziauddin University, Karachi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karachi</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Hunt, Beverley J" sort="Hunt, Beverley J" uniqKey="Hunt B" first="Beverley J" last="Hunt">Beverley J. Hunt</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Kabra, Sushil" sort="Kabra, Sushil" uniqKey="Kabra S" first="Sushil" last="Kabra">Sushil Kabra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Kanda, Seema" sort="Kanda, Seema" uniqKey="Kanda S" first="Seema" last="Kanda">Seema Kanda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster University (alumnus).</nlm:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Kawano Dourado, Leticia" sort="Kawano Dourado, Leticia" uniqKey="Kawano Dourado L" first="Leticia" last="Kawano-Dourado">Leticia Kawano-Dourado</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor)- HCFMUSP, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Research Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
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</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Yae Jean" sort="Kim, Yae Jean" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yae-Jean" last="Kim">Yae-Jean Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de la Colombie-Britannique</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Kwizera, Arthur" sort="Kwizera, Arthur" uniqKey="Kwizera A" first="Arthur" last="Kwizera">Arthur Kwizera</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Leo, Yee Sin" sort="Leo, Yee Sin" uniqKey="Leo Y" first="Yee-Sin" last="Leo">Yee-Sin Leo</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mahaka, Imelda" sort="Mahaka, Imelda" uniqKey="Mahaka I" first="Imelda" last="Mahaka">Imelda Mahaka</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Zimbabwe</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Manai, Hela" sort="Manai, Hela" uniqKey="Manai H" first="Hela" last="Manai">Hela Manai</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mino, Greta" sort="Mino, Greta" uniqKey="Mino G" first="Greta" last="Mino">Greta Mino</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Nsutebu, Emmanuel" sort="Nsutebu, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Nsutebu E" first="Emmanuel" last="Nsutebu">Emmanuel Nsutebu</name>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Pshenichnaya, Natalia" sort="Pshenichnaya, Natalia" uniqKey="Pshenichnaya N" first="Natalia" last="Pshenichnaya">Natalia Pshenichnaya</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow</wicri:regionArea>
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<region>District fédéral central</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Qadir, Nida" sort="Qadir, Nida" uniqKey="Qadir N" first="Nida" last="Qadir">Nida Qadir</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ranganathan, Shalini Sri" sort="Ranganathan, Shalini Sri" uniqKey="Ranganathan S" first="Shalini Sri" last="Ranganathan">Shalini Sri Ranganathan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Sri Lanka</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Colombo, Colombo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Colombo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sabzwari, Saniya" sort="Sabzwari, Saniya" uniqKey="Sabzwari S" first="Saniya" last="Sabzwari">Saniya Sabzwari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aga Khan University, Karachi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karachi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarin, Rohit" sort="Sarin, Rohit" uniqKey="Sarin R" first="Rohit" last="Sarin">Rohit Sarin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharland, Michael" sort="Sharland, Michael" uniqKey="Sharland M" first="Michael" last="Sharland">Michael Sharland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>St. George's University Hospital, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>St. George's University Hospital, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shen, Yinzhong" sort="Shen, Yinzhong" uniqKey="Shen Y" first="Yinzhong" last="Shen">Yinzhong Shen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Shanghai</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Souza, Joao Paulo" sort="Souza, Joao Paulo" uniqKey="Souza J" first="Joao Paulo" last="Souza">Joao Paulo Souza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stegemann, Miriam" sort="Stegemann, Miriam" uniqKey="Stegemann M" first="Miriam" last="Stegemann">Miriam Stegemann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ugarte, Sebastian" sort="Ugarte, Sebastian" uniqKey="Ugarte S" first="Sebastian" last="Ugarte">Sebastian Ugarte</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine Andres Bello University, Indisa Clinic, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine Andres Bello University, Indisa Clinic, Santiago</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Santiago</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Venkatapuram, Sridhar" sort="Venkatapuram, Sridhar" uniqKey="Venkatapuram S" first="Sridhar" last="Venkatapuram">Sridhar Venkatapuram</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>King's College, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>King's College, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vuyiseka, Dubula" sort="Vuyiseka, Dubula" uniqKey="Vuyiseka D" first="Dubula" last="Vuyiseka">Dubula Vuyiseka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Stellenbosch</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Preller, Jacobus" sort="Preller, Jacobus" uniqKey="Preller J" first="Jacobus" last="Preller">Jacobus Preller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brignardello Petersen, Romina" sort="Brignardello Petersen, Romina" uniqKey="Brignardello Petersen R" first="Romina" last="Brignardello-Petersen">Romina Brignardello-Petersen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kum, Elena" sort="Kum, Elena" uniqKey="Kum E" first="Elena" last="Kum">Elena Kum</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qasim, Anila" sort="Qasim, Anila" uniqKey="Qasim A" first="Anila" last="Qasim">Anila Qasim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zeraatkar, Dena" sort="Zeraatkar, Dena" uniqKey="Zeraatkar D" first="Dena" last="Zeraatkar">Dena Zeraatkar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Owen, Andrew" sort="Owen, Andrew" uniqKey="Owen A" first="Andrew" last="Owen">Andrew Owen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Liverpool, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Liverpool</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guyatt, Gordon" sort="Guyatt, Gordon" uniqKey="Guyatt G" first="Gordon" last="Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lytvyn, Lyubov" sort="Lytvyn, Lyubov" uniqKey="Lytvyn L" first="Lyubov" last="Lytvyn">Lyubov Lytvyn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diaz, Janet" sort="Diaz, Janet" uniqKey="Diaz J" first="Janet" last="Diaz">Janet Diaz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vandvik, Per Olav" sort="Vandvik, Per Olav" uniqKey="Vandvik P" first="Per Olav" last="Vandvik">Per Olav Vandvik</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Michael" sort="Jacobs, Michael" uniqKey="Jacobs M" first="Michael" last="Jacobs">Michael Jacobs</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK francois.lamontagne@usherbrooke.ca michael.jacobs@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country wicri:rule="url">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2021">2021</date>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:33649077</idno>
<idno type="pmid">33649077</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1136/bmj.n526</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000290</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000290</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000290</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000290</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000290</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Lamontagne, Francois" sort="Lamontagne, Francois" uniqKey="Lamontagne F" first="François" last="Lamontagne">François Lamontagne</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche due CHU de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche due CHU de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agoritsas, Thomas" sort="Agoritsas, Thomas" uniqKey="Agoritsas T" first="Thomas" last="Agoritsas">Thomas Agoritsas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of General Internal Medicine & Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of General Internal Medicine & Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siemieniuk, Reed" sort="Siemieniuk, Reed" uniqKey="Siemieniuk R" first="Reed" last="Siemieniuk">Reed Siemieniuk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rochwerg, Bram" sort="Rochwerg, Bram" uniqKey="Rochwerg B" first="Bram" last="Rochwerg">Bram Rochwerg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bartoszko, Jessica" sort="Bartoszko, Jessica" uniqKey="Bartoszko J" first="Jessica" last="Bartoszko">Jessica Bartoszko</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Askie, Lisa" sort="Askie, Lisa" uniqKey="Askie L" first="Lisa" last="Askie">Lisa Askie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macdonald, Helen" sort="Macdonald, Helen" uniqKey="Macdonald H" first="Helen" last="Macdonald">Helen Macdonald</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>The BMJ, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The BMJ, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amin, Wagdy" sort="Amin, Wagdy" uniqKey="Amin W" first="Wagdy" last="Amin">Wagdy Amin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cairo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bausch, Frederique Jacquerioz" sort="Bausch, Frederique Jacquerioz" uniqKey="Bausch F" first="Frederique Jacquerioz" last="Bausch">Frederique Jacquerioz Bausch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Geneva University Hospital</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burhan, Erlina" sort="Burhan, Erlina" uniqKey="Burhan E" first="Erlina" last="Burhan">Erlina Burhan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infection Division, Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cecconi, Maurizio" sort="Cecconi, Maurizio" uniqKey="Cecconi M" first="Maurizio" last="Cecconi">Maurizio Cecconi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Rozzano</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chanda, Duncan" sort="Chanda, Duncan" uniqKey="Chanda D" first="Duncan" last="Chanda">Duncan Chanda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Adult Infectious Disease Centre, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Adult Infectious Disease Centre, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dat, Vu Quoc" sort="Dat, Vu Quoc" uniqKey="Dat V" first="Vu Quoc" last="Dat">Vu Quoc Dat</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hanoi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Du, Bin" sort="Du, Bin" uniqKey="Du B" first="Bin" last="Du">Bin Du</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geduld, Heike" sort="Geduld, Heike" uniqKey="Geduld H" first="Heike" last="Geduld">Heike Geduld</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gee, Patrick" sort="Gee, Patrick" uniqKey="Gee P" first="Patrick" last="Gee">Patrick Gee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nerina, Harley" sort="Nerina, Harley" uniqKey="Nerina H" first="Harley" last="Nerina">Harley Nerina</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hashimi, Madiha" sort="Hashimi, Madiha" uniqKey="Hashimi M" first="Madiha" last="Hashimi">Madiha Hashimi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ziauddin University, Karachi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karachi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hunt, Beverley J" sort="Hunt, Beverley J" uniqKey="Hunt B" first="Beverley J" last="Hunt">Beverley J. Hunt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kabra, Sushil" sort="Kabra, Sushil" uniqKey="Kabra S" first="Sushil" last="Kabra">Sushil Kabra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kanda, Seema" sort="Kanda, Seema" uniqKey="Kanda S" first="Seema" last="Kanda">Seema Kanda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster University (alumnus).</nlm:affiliation>
<country>Canada</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawano Dourado, Leticia" sort="Kawano Dourado, Leticia" uniqKey="Kawano Dourado L" first="Leticia" last="Kawano-Dourado">Leticia Kawano-Dourado</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor)- HCFMUSP, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Research Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor)- HCFMUSP, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Research Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Yae Jean" sort="Kim, Yae Jean" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yae-Jean" last="Kim">Yae-Jean Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement>
<region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kissoon, Niranjan" sort="Kissoon, Niranjan" uniqKey="Kissoon N" first="Niranjan" last="Kissoon">Niranjan Kissoon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement>
<region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de la Colombie-Britannique</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kwizera, Arthur" sort="Kwizera, Arthur" uniqKey="Kwizera A" first="Arthur" last="Kwizera">Arthur Kwizera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Kampala</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leo, Yee Sin" sort="Leo, Yee Sin" uniqKey="Leo Y" first="Yee-Sin" last="Leo">Yee-Sin Leo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Center for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Center for Infectious Diseases</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mahaka, Imelda" sort="Mahaka, Imelda" uniqKey="Mahaka I" first="Imelda" last="Mahaka">Imelda Mahaka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pangaea Harare, Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Zimbabwe</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pangaea Harare</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manai, Hela" sort="Manai, Hela" uniqKey="Manai H" first="Hela" last="Manai">Hela Manai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Tunisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tunis</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Gouvernorat de Tunis</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mino, Greta" sort="Mino, Greta" uniqKey="Mino G" first="Greta" last="Mino">Greta Mino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Alcivar Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Équateur</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Alcivar Hospital, Guayaquil</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Guayaquil</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nsutebu, Emmanuel" sort="Nsutebu, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Nsutebu E" first="Emmanuel" last="Nsutebu">Emmanuel Nsutebu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">UAE</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pshenichnaya, Natalia" sort="Pshenichnaya, Natalia" uniqKey="Pshenichnaya N" first="Natalia" last="Pshenichnaya">Natalia Pshenichnaya</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, Russia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement>
<region>District fédéral central</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qadir, Nida" sort="Qadir, Nida" uniqKey="Qadir N" first="Nida" last="Qadir">Nida Qadir</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ranganathan, Shalini Sri" sort="Ranganathan, Shalini Sri" uniqKey="Ranganathan S" first="Shalini Sri" last="Ranganathan">Shalini Sri Ranganathan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Sri Lanka</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Colombo, Colombo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Colombo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sabzwari, Saniya" sort="Sabzwari, Saniya" uniqKey="Sabzwari S" first="Saniya" last="Sabzwari">Saniya Sabzwari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aga Khan University, Karachi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karachi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarin, Rohit" sort="Sarin, Rohit" uniqKey="Sarin R" first="Rohit" last="Sarin">Rohit Sarin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharland, Michael" sort="Sharland, Michael" uniqKey="Sharland M" first="Michael" last="Sharland">Michael Sharland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>St. George's University Hospital, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>St. George's University Hospital, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shen, Yinzhong" sort="Shen, Yinzhong" uniqKey="Shen Y" first="Yinzhong" last="Shen">Yinzhong Shen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Shanghai</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Souza, Joao Paulo" sort="Souza, Joao Paulo" uniqKey="Souza J" first="Joao Paulo" last="Souza">Joao Paulo Souza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement>
<region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stegemann, Miriam" sort="Stegemann, Miriam" uniqKey="Stegemann M" first="Miriam" last="Stegemann">Miriam Stegemann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ugarte, Sebastian" sort="Ugarte, Sebastian" uniqKey="Ugarte S" first="Sebastian" last="Ugarte">Sebastian Ugarte</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine Andres Bello University, Indisa Clinic, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine Andres Bello University, Indisa Clinic, Santiago</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Santiago</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Venkatapuram, Sridhar" sort="Venkatapuram, Sridhar" uniqKey="Venkatapuram S" first="Sridhar" last="Venkatapuram">Sridhar Venkatapuram</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>King's College, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>King's College, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vuyiseka, Dubula" sort="Vuyiseka, Dubula" uniqKey="Vuyiseka D" first="Dubula" last="Vuyiseka">Dubula Vuyiseka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Stellenbosch</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Preller, Jacobus" sort="Preller, Jacobus" uniqKey="Preller J" first="Jacobus" last="Preller">Jacobus Preller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brignardello Petersen, Romina" sort="Brignardello Petersen, Romina" uniqKey="Brignardello Petersen R" first="Romina" last="Brignardello-Petersen">Romina Brignardello-Petersen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kum, Elena" sort="Kum, Elena" uniqKey="Kum E" first="Elena" last="Kum">Elena Kum</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qasim, Anila" sort="Qasim, Anila" uniqKey="Qasim A" first="Anila" last="Qasim">Anila Qasim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zeraatkar, Dena" sort="Zeraatkar, Dena" uniqKey="Zeraatkar D" first="Dena" last="Zeraatkar">Dena Zeraatkar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Owen, Andrew" sort="Owen, Andrew" uniqKey="Owen A" first="Andrew" last="Owen">Andrew Owen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Liverpool, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Liverpool</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guyatt, Gordon" sort="Guyatt, Gordon" uniqKey="Guyatt G" first="Gordon" last="Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lytvyn, Lyubov" sort="Lytvyn, Lyubov" uniqKey="Lytvyn L" first="Lyubov" last="Lytvyn">Lyubov Lytvyn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diaz, Janet" sort="Diaz, Janet" uniqKey="Diaz J" first="Janet" last="Diaz">Janet Diaz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vandvik, Per Olav" sort="Vandvik, Per Olav" uniqKey="Vandvik P" first="Per Olav" last="Vandvik">Per Olav Vandvik</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">and content support</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Michael" sort="Jacobs, Michael" uniqKey="Jacobs M" first="Michael" last="Jacobs">Michael Jacobs</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK francois.lamontagne@usherbrooke.ca michael.jacobs@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country wicri:rule="url">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
<wicri:noCountry code="no comma">. co-senior author.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">BMJ (Clinical research ed.)</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1756-1833</idno>
<imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19 (epidemiology)</term>
<term>COVID-19 (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Chemoprevention (methods)</term>
<term>Chemoprevention (standards)</term>
<term>Clinical Decision-Making (methods)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacology)</term>
<term>Immunologic Factors (pharmacology)</term>
<term>Risk Assessment (MeSH)</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2 (drug effects)</term>
<term>Uncertainty (MeSH)</term>
<term>World Health Organization (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Appréciation des risques (MeSH)</term>
<term>Chimioprévention (méthodes)</term>
<term>Chimioprévention (normes)</term>
<term>Facteurs immunologiques (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Incertitude (MeSH)</term>
<term>Organisation mondiale de la santé (MeSH)</term>
<term>Prise de décision clinique (méthodes)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
<term>Immunologic Factors</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Chemoprevention</term>
<term>Clinical Decision-Making</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="méthodes" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chimioprévention</term>
<term>Prise de décision clinique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="normes" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chimioprévention</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Facteurs immunologiques</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="standards" xml:lang="en"><term>Chemoprevention</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Humans</term>
<term>Risk Assessment</term>
<term>Uncertainty</term>
<term>World Health Organization</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Appréciation des risques</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Incertitude</term>
<term>Organisation mondiale de la santé</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CLINICAL QUESTION</b>
</p>
<p>What is the role of drugs in preventing covid-19? WHY DOES THIS MATTER?: There is widespread interest in whether drug interventions can be used for the prevention of covid-19, but there is uncertainty about which drugs, if any, are effective. The first version of this living guideline focuses on the evidence for hydroxychloroquine. Subsequent updates will cover other drugs being investigated for their role in the prevention of covid-19.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RECOMMENDATION</b>
</p>
<p>The guideline development panel made a strong recommendation against the use of hydroxychloroquine for individuals who do not have covid-19 (high certainty).</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>HOW THIS GUIDELINE WAS CREATED</b>
</p>
<p>This living guideline is from the World Health Organization (WHO) and provides up to date covid-19 guidance to inform policy and practice worldwide. Magic Evidence Ecosystem Foundation (MAGIC) provided methodological support. A living systematic review with network analysis informed the recommendations. An international guideline development panel of content experts, clinicians, patients, an ethicist and methodologists produced recommendations following standards for trustworthy guideline development using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>UNDERSTANDING THE NEW RECOMMENDATION</b>
</p>
<p>The linked systematic review and network meta-analysis (6 trials and 6059 participants) found that hydroxychloroquine had a small or no effect on mortality and admission to hospital (high certainty evidence). There was a small or no effect on laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (moderate certainty evidence) but probably increased adverse events leading to discontinuation (moderate certainty evidence). The panel judged that almost all people would not consider this drug worthwhile. In addition, the panel decided that contextual factors such as resources, feasibility, acceptability, and equity for countries and healthcare systems were unlikely to alter the recommendation. The panel considers that this drug is no longer a research priority and that resources should rather be oriented to evaluate other more promising drugs to prevent covid-19.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>UPDATES</b>
</p>
<p>This is a living guideline. New recommendations will be published in this article and signposted by update notices to this guideline.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>READERS NOTE</b>
</p>
<p>This is the first version of the living guideline for drugs to prevent covid-19. It complements the WHO living guideline on drugs to treat covid-19. When citing this article, please consider adding the update number and date of access for clarity.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33649077</PMID>
<DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>08</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2021</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1756-1833</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>372</Volume>
<PubDate><Year>2021</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>01</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>BMJ (Clinical research ed.)</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>BMJ</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>n526</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1136/bmj.n526</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText Label="CLINICAL QUESTION">What is the role of drugs in preventing covid-19? WHY DOES THIS MATTER?: There is widespread interest in whether drug interventions can be used for the prevention of covid-19, but there is uncertainty about which drugs, if any, are effective. The first version of this living guideline focuses on the evidence for hydroxychloroquine. Subsequent updates will cover other drugs being investigated for their role in the prevention of covid-19.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="RECOMMENDATION">The guideline development panel made a strong recommendation against the use of hydroxychloroquine for individuals who do not have covid-19 (high certainty).</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="HOW THIS GUIDELINE WAS CREATED">This living guideline is from the World Health Organization (WHO) and provides up to date covid-19 guidance to inform policy and practice worldwide. Magic Evidence Ecosystem Foundation (MAGIC) provided methodological support. A living systematic review with network analysis informed the recommendations. An international guideline development panel of content experts, clinicians, patients, an ethicist and methodologists produced recommendations following standards for trustworthy guideline development using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="UNDERSTANDING THE NEW RECOMMENDATION">The linked systematic review and network meta-analysis (6 trials and 6059 participants) found that hydroxychloroquine had a small or no effect on mortality and admission to hospital (high certainty evidence). There was a small or no effect on laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (moderate certainty evidence) but probably increased adverse events leading to discontinuation (moderate certainty evidence). The panel judged that almost all people would not consider this drug worthwhile. In addition, the panel decided that contextual factors such as resources, feasibility, acceptability, and equity for countries and healthcare systems were unlikely to alter the recommendation. The panel considers that this drug is no longer a research priority and that resources should rather be oriented to evaluate other more promising drugs to prevent covid-19.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="UPDATES">This is a living guideline. New recommendations will be published in this article and signposted by update notices to this guideline.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="READERS NOTE">This is the first version of the living guideline for drugs to prevent covid-19. It complements the WHO living guideline on drugs to treat covid-19. When citing this article, please consider adding the update number and date of access for clarity.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lamontagne</LastName>
<ForeName>François</ForeName>
<Initials>F</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche due CHU de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Agoritsas</LastName>
<ForeName>Thomas</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of General Internal Medicine & Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Siemieniuk</LastName>
<ForeName>Reed</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rochwerg</LastName>
<ForeName>Bram</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bartoszko</LastName>
<ForeName>Jessica</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Askie</LastName>
<ForeName>Lisa</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Macdonald</LastName>
<ForeName>Helen</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The BMJ, London, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amin</LastName>
<ForeName>Wagdy</ForeName>
<Initials>W</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bausch</LastName>
<ForeName>Frederique Jacquerioz</ForeName>
<Initials>FJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Burhan</LastName>
<ForeName>Erlina</ForeName>
<Initials>E</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infection Division, Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cecconi</LastName>
<ForeName>Maurizio</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chanda</LastName>
<ForeName>Duncan</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Adult Infectious Disease Centre, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dat</LastName>
<ForeName>Vu Quoc</ForeName>
<Initials>VQ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Du</LastName>
<ForeName>Bin</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Geduld</LastName>
<ForeName>Heike</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gee</LastName>
<ForeName>Patrick</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nerina</LastName>
<ForeName>Harley</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hashimi</LastName>
<ForeName>Madiha</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hunt</LastName>
<ForeName>Beverley J</ForeName>
<Initials>BJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kabra</LastName>
<ForeName>Sushil</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kanda</LastName>
<ForeName>Seema</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McMaster University (alumnus).</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kawano-Dourado</LastName>
<ForeName>Leticia</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor)- HCFMUSP, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Research Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kim</LastName>
<ForeName>Yae-Jean</ForeName>
<Initials>YJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kissoon</LastName>
<ForeName>Niranjan</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kwizera</LastName>
<ForeName>Arthur</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leo</LastName>
<ForeName>Yee-Sin</ForeName>
<Initials>YS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Center for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mahaka</LastName>
<ForeName>Imelda</ForeName>
<Initials>I</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pangaea Harare, Zimbabwe.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Manai</LastName>
<ForeName>Hela</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mino</LastName>
<ForeName>Greta</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Alcivar Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nsutebu</LastName>
<ForeName>Emmanuel</ForeName>
<Initials>E</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pshenichnaya</LastName>
<ForeName>Natalia</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, Russia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Qadir</LastName>
<ForeName>Nida</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ranganathan</LastName>
<ForeName>Shalini Sri</ForeName>
<Initials>SS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sabzwari</LastName>
<ForeName>Saniya</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sarin</LastName>
<ForeName>Rohit</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sharland</LastName>
<ForeName>Michael</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St. George's University Hospital, London, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shen</LastName>
<ForeName>Yinzhong</ForeName>
<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Souza</LastName>
<ForeName>Joao Paulo</ForeName>
<Initials>JP</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stegemann</LastName>
<ForeName>Miriam</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ugarte</LastName>
<ForeName>Sebastian</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine Andres Bello University, Indisa Clinic, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Venkatapuram</LastName>
<ForeName>Sridhar</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>King's College, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vuyiseka</LastName>
<ForeName>Dubula</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Preller</LastName>
<ForeName>Jacobus</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brignardello-Petersen</LastName>
<ForeName>Romina</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kum</LastName>
<ForeName>Elena</ForeName>
<Initials>E</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Qasim</LastName>
<ForeName>Anila</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zeraatkar</LastName>
<ForeName>Dena</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Owen</LastName>
<ForeName>Andrew</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guyatt</LastName>
<ForeName>Gordon</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lytvyn</LastName>
<ForeName>Lyubov</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Diaz</LastName>
<ForeName>Janet</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. co-senior author.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vandvik</LastName>
<ForeName>Per Olav</ForeName>
<Initials>PO</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not guideline development panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. co-senior author.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jacobs</LastName>
<ForeName>Michael</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK francois.lamontagne@usherbrooke.ca michael.jacobs@ucl.ac.uk.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. co-senior author.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>001</GrantID>
<Acronym>WHO_</Acronym>
<Agency>World Health Organization</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
</GrantList>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D017065">Practice Guideline</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>01</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country>
<MedlineTA>BMJ</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>8900488</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0959-8138</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D007155">Immunologic Factors</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018890" MajorTopicYN="Y">Chemoprevention</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000592" MajorTopicYN="N">standards</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000066491" MajorTopicYN="N">Clinical Decision-Making</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007155" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunologic Factors</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018570" MajorTopicYN="Y">Risk Assessment</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D035501" MajorTopicYN="N">Uncertainty</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014944" MajorTopicYN="N">World Health Organization</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<CoiStatement>Competing interests: All guideline panel members have completed the WHO interest disclosure form. All authors have completed the BMJ Rapid Recommendations interest of disclosure form. The WHO, MAGIC, and The BMJ judged that no panel member had any financial conflict of interest. Professional and academic interests are minimised as much as possible, while maintaining necessary expertise on the panel to make fully informed decisions. MAGIC and TheBMJ assessed declared interests from other co-authors of this publication and found no conflicts of interests.</CoiStatement>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year>
<Month>3</Month>
<Day>2</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>9</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year>
<Month>3</Month>
<Day>3</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year>
<Month>3</Month>
<Day>9</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
</History>
<PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus>
<ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33649077</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1136/bmj.n526</ArticleId>
</ArticleIdList>
</PubmedData>
</pubmed>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li>
<li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>Brésil</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>Chili</li>
<li>Corée du Sud</li>
<li>Inde</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Norvège</li>
<li>Ouganda</li>
<li>Pakistan</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Russie</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Singapour</li>
<li>Sri Lanka</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
<li>Tunisie</li>
<li>Viêt Nam</li>
<li>Zambie</li>
<li>Zimbabwe</li>
<li>Égypte</li>
<li>Équateur</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
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<region><li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Berlin</li>
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<li>Hamilton (Ontario)</li>
<li>Londres</li>
<li>Melbourne</li>
<li>Moscou</li>
<li>Oslo</li>
<li>Pékin</li>
<li>São Paulo</li>
<li>Séoul</li>
<li>Tunis</li>
<li>Vancouver</li>
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<orgName><li>Université McMaster</li>
<li>Université de São Paulo</li>
<li>Université de la Colombie-Britannique</li>
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<name sortKey="Guyatt, Gordon" sort="Guyatt, Gordon" uniqKey="Guyatt G" first="Gordon" last="Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</name>
<name sortKey="Jacobs, Michael" sort="Jacobs, Michael" uniqKey="Jacobs M" first="Michael" last="Jacobs">Michael Jacobs</name>
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<name sortKey="Rochwerg, Bram" sort="Rochwerg, Bram" uniqKey="Rochwerg B" first="Bram" last="Rochwerg">Bram Rochwerg</name>
<name sortKey="Rochwerg, Bram" sort="Rochwerg, Bram" uniqKey="Rochwerg B" first="Bram" last="Rochwerg">Bram Rochwerg</name>
<name sortKey="Siemieniuk, Reed" sort="Siemieniuk, Reed" uniqKey="Siemieniuk R" first="Reed" last="Siemieniuk">Reed Siemieniuk</name>
<name sortKey="Siemieniuk, Reed" sort="Siemieniuk, Reed" uniqKey="Siemieniuk R" first="Reed" last="Siemieniuk">Reed Siemieniuk</name>
<name sortKey="Zeraatkar, Dena" sort="Zeraatkar, Dena" uniqKey="Zeraatkar D" first="Dena" last="Zeraatkar">Dena Zeraatkar</name>
</country>
<country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Agoritsas, Thomas" sort="Agoritsas, Thomas" uniqKey="Agoritsas T" first="Thomas" last="Agoritsas">Thomas Agoritsas</name>
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<name sortKey="Diaz, Janet" sort="Diaz, Janet" uniqKey="Diaz J" first="Janet" last="Diaz">Janet Diaz</name>
<name sortKey="Preller, Jacobus" sort="Preller, Jacobus" uniqKey="Preller J" first="Jacobus" last="Preller">Jacobus Preller</name>
</country>
<country name="Norvège"><region name="Østlandet"><name sortKey="Agoritsas, Thomas" sort="Agoritsas, Thomas" uniqKey="Agoritsas T" first="Thomas" last="Agoritsas">Thomas Agoritsas</name>
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<name sortKey="Vandvik, Per Olav" sort="Vandvik, Per Olav" uniqKey="Vandvik P" first="Per Olav" last="Vandvik">Per Olav Vandvik</name>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Macdonald, Helen" sort="Macdonald, Helen" uniqKey="Macdonald H" first="Helen" last="Macdonald">Helen Macdonald</name>
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<name sortKey="Hunt, Beverley J" sort="Hunt, Beverley J" uniqKey="Hunt B" first="Beverley J" last="Hunt">Beverley J. Hunt</name>
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</country>
<country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Du, Bin" sort="Du, Bin" uniqKey="Du B" first="Bin" last="Du">Bin Du</name>
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</country>
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<country name="Allemagne"><region name="Berlin"><name sortKey="Stegemann, Miriam" sort="Stegemann, Miriam" uniqKey="Stegemann M" first="Miriam" last="Stegemann">Miriam Stegemann</name>
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<country name="Chili"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ugarte, Sebastian" sort="Ugarte, Sebastian" uniqKey="Ugarte S" first="Sebastian" last="Ugarte">Sebastian Ugarte</name>
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</affiliations>
</record>

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	Serveur d'exploration COVID et hydrochloroquine
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Serveur d'exploration COVID et hydrochloroquine

A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19.

A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19.

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English descriptors

Abstract

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